Today, most people associate eugenics with the social conservatism of the Nazi regime. But in the beginning of the cause, especially through those who were involved in Neo-Malthusianism, just the opposite was the case. Neo-Malthusianism sprung obviously from Malthusianism. Malthusianism is named after Thomas Malthus who in the late 1700's proposes a theory that poverty was caused by the population growing faster than the resources of the nation, and so outstripping goods and supplies which led to pauperism. Malthus was a Christian and so did not advocate for any kind of birth control, but instead proposed late marriage and thought that this poverty could only be solved through misery and war. However, later in the 1800s, many people took his idea and modernized it. They believed that birth control could be used to curb population growth and thus avoid a Malthusian catastrophe.
Neo-Malthusianism is the advocacy of human population planning to ensure resources and environmental integrities for current and future human populations as well as for other species.[2] In Britain the term 'Malthusian' can also refer more specifically to arguments made in favour of preventive birth control, hence organizations such as the Malthusian League.[8] Neo-Malthusians differ from Malthus's theories mainly in their support for the use of contraception. Malthus, a devout Christian, believed that "self-control" (i.e., abstinence) was preferable to artificial birth control. He also worried that the effect of contraceptive use would be too powerful in curbing growth, conflicting with the common 18th century perspective (to which Malthus himself adhered) that a steadily growing population remained a necessary factor in the continuing "progress of society," generally. Modern neo-Malthusians are generally more concerned than Malthus with environmental degradation and catastrophic famine than with poverty.
SOURCE: "Malthusianism". Wikipedia. Retrieved 07/05/21 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusianism
It would seem that with the advocacy of birth control came an advocacy for more sexual freedom. Now most people don't associate sexual liberation with eugenics, but the Neo-Malthusians did. The Neo-Malthusians believed in negative eugenics, which is the reduction of those who are unable to care for their progeny. The Neo-Malthusians argued that the upper classes and the conscientious classes already limited their families and it was only the poor and less educated who had large families. Birth control it was believed would not so much reduce the birth rate of the educated classes because they already limited their families, but would only reduce the population at the other end of the spectrum, thus evening out the classes, making less burden upon the productive members of society. Now, it would seem the Neo-Malthusians has other ideas about sex and sexuality.
The woman who opened the first birth control clinic in Europe, Aletta Jacobs, was a eugenicist who believed in the legalization of prostitution. She was also a member of the Neo-Malthusian League.
Aletta Jacobs believed in Neo-Malthusianism and the legalization of prostitution
Aletta Henriëtte Jacobs (Dutch pronunciation: [aːˈlɛtaː ɦɑ̃ːriˈɛtə ˈjaːkɔps]; 9 February 1854 – 10 August 1929) was a Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist. As the first woman officially to attend a Dutch university, she became one of the first female physicians in the Netherlands. In 1882, she founded the world's first birth control clinic and was a leader in both the Dutch and international women's movements. She led campaigns aimed at deregulating prostitution, improving women's working conditions, promoting peace and calling for women's right to vote.
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Jacobs joined the Neo-Malthusian League of Holland and along with her husband, continued working to improve social conditions among the country's poor and working classes
SOURCE: "Aletta Jacobs". Wikipedia.Retrieved 7/5/21 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs
Aletta Jacobs was a eugenicist
When we speak in meetings like this one about the desirability of the necessity of Birth Control, we, as a rule, take our arguments to defend our cause, from an economic, a sociological or a eugenic point of view. We prove, or try to prove, that in behalf of social welfare, or to improve the race, or for the danger of overpopulation, or in behalf of other reasons of general interest, the control of births in necessary, so that no more children are born than the world needs and can be taken care of in a proper way.
SOURCE: A generation of birth control in Holland, by Aletta Jacobs M.D. . Retrieved 7/5/21 from: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Reports_and_Papers/7hXaAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Aletta+Jacobs%22+%22eugenic%22&pg=PA85&printsec=frontcover
Alice Vickery of England was the president of the Neo-Malthusian league and advocated for illegitimacy. She was also one of the first members of the Eugenics Education Society.
Alice Vickery (also known as A. Vickery Drysdale and A. Drysdale Vickery; 1844 – 12 January 1929) was an English physician, campaigner for women's rights, and the first British woman to qualify as a chemist and pharmacist. She and her life partner, Charles Robert Drysdale, also a physician, actively supported a number of causes, including free love, birth control, and destigmatisation of illegitimacy.
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Vickery was born in Devon in 1844 to a piano maker and organ builder.[2] By 1861, she had moved to South London.[3] Vickery began her medical career at the Ladies' Medical College in 1869. There she met the lecturer Charles Robert Drysdale and started a relationship with him. They never married,[2][3] as they both agreed with his brother George (also a neo-Malthusian physician) that marriage was "legal prostitution".
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Both Vickery and Drysdale joined the Legitimation League, set up in 1893, and campaigned for equal rights for children born out of wedlock.[
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After Drysdale's death in 1907, Vickery continued practising as a physician and succeeded him as president of the Malthusian League, while their elder son Charles and daughter-in-law Bessie became the new editors of the journal Malthusian. Soon afterward, she became one of the first members of the Eugenics Education Society.
SOURCE: "Alice Vikery". Wikipedia. Retrieved 7/5/21 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Vickery
Dr Charles Vickery Drysdale FRSE CB OBE (1874–1961) was an English electrical engineer and social reformer. He is remembered for opening the first birth control clinic in Britain in 1921 and co-founding the Family Planning Association in 1930.
As an engineer he is remembered as the inventor of the Phase-shifting transformer. He was co-founder of the Institute of Physics and served as its Vice-President 1932–1936.
He was first a Malthusian and then a Neo-Malthusian and served as President of the Malthusian League. He is seen as a founding father of Neo-Malthusianism.
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These views led to his involvement in Britain's National Birth Control Association in 1930.[4] In 1907, greatly influenced by his mother's views he founded the Men's League for Women's Suffrage. He also sat on the Men's Committee for Justice for Women. In 1913 he was the first witness to give evidence to the National Birth-Rate Commission.
SOURCE: "Charles Vickery Drysdale". Wikipedia. Retrieved 7/5/21 from:
Margaret Sanger who opened the first birth control clinic in America was also a eugenicist and member of the Neo-Malthusian league. She advocated for sexuality and that disinhibition could lead to genius.
Margaret Sanger spent much of her 1914 exile in England, where contact with British neo-Malthusians such as Charles Vickery Drysdale helped refine her socioeconomic justifications for birth control. She shared their concern that over-population led to poverty, famine and war.[40] At the Fifth International Neo-Malthusian Conference in 1922, she was the first woman to chair a session.[41] She organized the Sixth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth-Control Conference that took place in New York in 1925.[21]:225[42] Over-population would remain a concern of hers for the rest of her life.
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While researching information on contraception, Sanger read treatises on sexuality including The Psychology of Sex by the English psychologist Havelock Ellis and was heavily influenced by it.[97] While traveling in Europe in 1914, Sanger met Ellis.[98] Influenced by Ellis, Sanger adopted his view of sexuality as a powerful, liberating force.[21]:13–14 This view provided another argument in favor of birth control, because it would enable women to fully enjoy sexual relations without fear of unwanted pregnancy.[21]:111–117[99] Sanger also believed that sexuality, along with birth control, should be discussed with more candor,[21]:13–14 and praised Ellis for his efforts in this direction. She also blamed Christianity for the suppression of such discussions.
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However, Sanger was not opposed to homosexuality and praised Ellis for clarifying "the question of homosexuals ... making the thing a—not exactly a perverted thing, but a thing that a person is born with different kinds of eyes, different kinds of structures and so forth ... that he didn't make all homosexuals perverts—and I thought he helped clarify that to the medical profession and to the scientists of the world as perhaps one of the first ones to do that."
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After World War I, Sanger increasingly appealed to the societal need to limit births by those least able to afford children. The affluent and educated already limited their child-bearing, while the poor and uneducated lacked access to contraception and information about birth control.[111] Here she found an area of overlap with eugenicists.[111] She believed that they both sought to "assist the race toward the elimination of the unfit." She distinguished herself from other eugenicists, by saying that "eugenists imply or insist that a woman's first duty is to the state; we contend that her duty to herself is her duty to the state. We maintain that a woman possessing an adequate knowledge of her reproductive functions is the best judge of the time and conditions under which her child should be brought into the world. We further maintain that it is her right, regardless of all other considerations, to determine whether she shall bear children or not, and how many children she shall bear if she chooses to become a mother."[112] Sanger was a proponent of negative eugenics, which aimed to improve human hereditary traits through social intervention by reducing the reproduction of those who were considered unfit.[7]
Sanger's view of eugenics was influenced by Havelock Ellis and other British eugenicists,[113] including H. G. Wells, with whom she formed a close, lasting friendship.[114] She did not speak specifically to the idea of race or ethnicity being determining factors and "although Sanger articulated birth control in terms of racial betterment and, like most old-stock Americans, supported restricted immigration, she always defined fitness in individual rather than racial terms."[115][21]:195–6 Instead, she stressed limiting the number of births to live within one's economic ability to raise and support healthy children. This would lead to a betterment of society and the human race.[116] Sanger's view put her at odds with leading American eugenicists, such as Charles Davenport, who took a racist view of inherited traits. In A History of the Birth Control Movement in America, Engelman also noted that "Sanger quite effortlessly looked the other way when others spouted racist speech. She had no reservations about relying on flawed and overtly racist works to serve her own propaganda needs."[117]
In "The Morality of Birth Control", a 1921 speech, she divided society into three groups: the "educated and informed" class that regulated the size of their families, the "intelligent and responsible" who desired to control their families in spite of lacking the means or the knowledge, and the "irresponsible and reckless people" whose religious scruples "prevent their exercising control over their numbers". Sanger concludes, "There is no doubt in the minds of all thinking people that the procreation of this group should be stopped."[118]
Sanger's eugenics policies included an exclusionary immigration policy, free access to birth control methods, and full family planning autonomy for the able-minded, as well as compulsory segregation or sterilization for the "profoundly retarded".[119][120] Sanger wrote, "we [do not] believe that the community could or should send to the lethal chamber the defective progeny resulting from irresponsible and unintelligent breeding."[121] In The Pivot of Civilization she criticized certain charity organizations for providing free obstetric and immediate post-birth care to indigent women without also providing information about birth control nor any assistance in raising or educating the children.[122] By such charities, she wrote, "The poor woman is taught how to have her seventh child, when what she wants to know is how to avoid bringing into the world her eighth."
In personal correspondence she expressed her sadness about the aggressive and lethal Nazi eugenics program, and donated to the American Council Against Nazi Propaganda.[120]
Sanger believed that self-determining motherhood was the only unshakable foundation for racial betterment.[123] Initially she advocated that the responsibility for birth control should remain with able-minded individual parents rather than the state.[124] Later, she proposed that "Permits for parenthood shall be issued upon application by city, county, or state authorities to married couples," but added that the requirement should be implemented by state advocacy and reward for complying, not enforced by punishing anyone for violating it.[125]
She was supported by one of the most racist authors in America in the 1920s, the Klansman[126][127] Lothrop Stoddard, who was a founding member of the Board of Directors of Sanger's American Birth Control League.[128][129][130] Chesler comments:
SOURCE: "Margaret Sanger"". Wikipedia. Retrieved 7/5/21 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger
Margaret Sanger believed disinhibition led to genius
Science likewise illuminates the whole problem of genius. Hidden in the common stuff of humanity lies buried this power of self-expression. Modern science is teaching us that genius is not some mysterious gift of the gods, some treasure conferred upon individuals chosen by chance. Nor is it, as Lombroso believed, the result of a pathological and degenerate condition, allied to criminality and madness. Rather is it due to the removal of physiological and psychological inhibitions and constraints which makes possible the release and the channeling of the primordial inner energies of man into full and divine expression. The removal of these inhibitions, so scientists assure us, makes possible more rapid and profound perceptions,—so rapid indeed that they seem to the ordinary human being, practically instantaneous, or intuitive. The qualities of genius are not, therefore, qualities lacking in the common reservoir of humanity, but rather the unimpeded release and direction of powers latent in all of us. This process of course is not necessarily conscious.
SOURCE: Margaret Sanger. The Pivot of Civilization. Retrieved 7/5/21 from: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1689/1689-h/1689-h.htm
Over population of the less productive classes is a problem today as it was in the 1800's and early 1900s. The educated and intelligent still have small families and in the developing world there are too many people to feed. My opinion is that if we introduced birth control and sexual liberation, the poverty-stricken people of the world will begin to reduce in number because as they have access to sex without reproduction, they will want more of it and so will use birth control more. Sexual liberation is the avenue to negative eugenics.
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